Man for himself - An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics (by Erich Fromm)

	Erich Fromm
	PDF
	Aim of the book	to identify "what man is, how he ought to live, and how the tremendous energies within man can be released and used productively."
	The Connection Between Psychology and Ethics: The first step on the Road to developing a science of man (By Herbert L Calhoun)
	Other psychologists interested in ethics	Pfister, Flugel, Müller-Braunschweig, Heinz Hartmann, Pichon, and Odier.
	Ernest Becker, anti-psychiatry and "science of evil"	Becker came to believe that individuals' characters are essentially formed around the process of denying their own mortality, that this denial is necessary for us to function in the world, and that this character-armor prevents genuine self-knowledge. Much of the evil in the world, he believed, was a consequence of this need to deny death. Becker also wrote The Birth and Death of Meaning, which gets its title from the concept of humankind moving away from the simple-minded ape into a world of symbols and illusions, and then deconstructing those illusions through our own evolving intellect.
	Main concepts	irrational authority link between psychology and ethics productive man ethical relativism in modern psychology authoritarian ethics vs. humanistic ethics. humanistic norms vs. authoritarian norms freedom as a fundamental part of human nature The social unconscious Humanism Social analysis Personality orientations Theory of human needs anti-social behavior as response to unfulfilling/negating social environments characters: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive connection between ethics and psychology through character and personality foundation upon which a science of man too could eventually be built moral relativity trap ethics cannot be divorced from psychology biophilia
	Contents	The problem Humanistic ethics: The applied science of the art of living Humanistic vs. Authoritarian ethics Subjectivistic vs. objectivistic ethics The science of man The tradition of humanistic ethics Ethics and psychoanalysis Human nature and character The human situation Man's biological weakness The existential and the historical dichotomies in man Personality Temperament Character The dynamic concept of character Types of character: the nonproductive orientations The receptive orientation The exploitative orientation The hoarding orientation The marketing orientation The productive orientation General characteristics Productive love and thinking Orientations in the process of socialization Blends of various orientations Problems of humanistic ethics Selfishness, self-love, and self-interest Conscience, man's recall to himself Authoritarian conscience Humanistic conscience Pleasure and happiness Pleasure as a criterion of value Types of pleasure The problem of means and ends Faith as a character trait The moral powers in man Man, good or evil? Repression vs productiveness Character and moral judgment Absolute vs relative, universal vs. socially immanent ethics The moral problem of today (source)

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